Akkadian:nabultu 'Kadaver' SB on [AHw 700] (also nûltu do. [ibid.] with a loss of -b- not typical of AKK); nap/bultu 'dead ? (of a lizard)' [CAD n1 328] (see discussion [ibid.])
Notes:Cf. a derived verb *nbl 'to decay, die': HBR nbl 'to wither, decay' [KB 663]; ARB nbl V 'mourir, crever (se dit d'un chameau)', VII 'mourir; être tué' [BK 2 1188]; SOQ niblhol 'détruit, ruiné' [LS 255] (verbal part.).
Cf. SEM *npl 'to fall' and such derived forms, probably developed by contamination with the present root, as HBR mappälät 'carcass' [KB 618] (<*ma-npäl-ät), SYR mappultā 'cadaver' [Brock 847] (<*ma-npul-t-) and JUD nǝpīlā 'untimely birth, not viable' [Ja 924].
Cf. also naǧūd- 'qui a une long encolure (chamelle, anesse, etc.' [ibid. 1201-2] and minǧad- 'parure du cou de femme, collier...descendant jusqu'au bas du sein' [ibid. 1202]
TNA -ʕ- shows that the "correct" laryngeal in GEZ is not -ʔ- but -ʕ-
Notes:Problematic; scarce attestation in ARB and ETH only.
Cf. HBR nägäd 'that which is opposite, that which corresponds; in front of, before' [KB 666], which is very likely related with a current meaning shift.
Comparison of the ETH forms (to be reconstructed as *ʔa-ngVd-aʕ-) to ARB naǧd- by Dietrich and HBR nägäd by Rabin is unconvincingly qualified by Leslau [LGz 29] as not satisfactory; as for a peculiar ending in ETH, see GEZ sanbuʔ, sambuʕ in *sināp/b- (No. ).
Note SOQ ʔegídoh 'en face' [LS 50]; related with -n- lost and a current semantic shift?
Number:2163
Proto-Semitic:*naḥ(a)r-
Meaning:upper part of chest
Arabic:naḥr- 'clavicule et la partie du corps entre le bas du cou et le sternum' [BK 2 1213].
Note also the meaning 'vis-à-vis' (with a semantic shift from 'breast' found elsewhere in SEM). Cf. manḥūr- 'partie du corps autour de la clavicule' [ibid.]
Tigre:näḥar 'breast' [LH 324]
Jibbali:náḥar 'windpipe and lungs' [JJ 187]
Notes:Scarce but reliable attestation in Southern SEM area.
Cf. a related verb in SOQ náḥar 'avoir mal à la gorge' [LS 264] (with a strange remark: "est un dénominatif du soq. nuhharhur 'gorge', cité par Wellsted" [ibid.]; nuhharhur erroneously for *nuḥḥarḥur?)
Notes:Even if derived from *npš {} *nps 'to breeze' (cf. Verb No. ), which is quite possible, to be distinguished from SEM *nap(i)š- 'soul; vitality, life; person, personality; self', etc, derived from the same verb [ibid.].
Arabic:nāṣiyat- 'toupet, cheveux longs pendent sur le devant du front' [BK 2 1276]; nuṣṣat- 'toupet, mèche de cheveux qui retombe sur le devant de la tête' [ibid. 1267] (note a meaning shift)
Gurage:CHA MUH MSQ fǝyä, GYE fiyä, EZ̆A fǝyyä, ENN END GYE fiʔä 'female genital organs, clitoris' [LGur 252]
Notes:Problematic: scarce attestation only in ARB and S. ETH; meanings rather diverse.
On a possibility of interpreting HBR pōt as 'female genitals' see *pVʔ-at- 'face, front', No. .
Cf. probably related ETH: GEZ fawt 'dissolute woman' [LGz 172] (otherwise from fota, fawata 'to err, stray' [ibid.]); TGR fāytät 'prostitute' [LH 666] (<*fay-t-at, -t understood as a part of the stem, to which a second feminine suffix -at was attached?), fäytätä 'to have illicit intercourse' [ibid.]; TNA fäytätä 'darsi alla mala vida, alla prostituzione (di donna) e al libertinaggio (di uomo)' [Bass 1011].
Akkadian:pēmu, pēnu 'Oberschenkel' OB on [AHw 854]
Ugaritic:pʕn 'Fuss' [Aist 258]
Phoenician:pʕm 'foot' [T 269]
Hebrew:paʕam 'foot, step; time' [KB 952]
Mehri:fɛ̄m 'foot, leg' [JM 87]
Jibbali:faʕm do. [JJ 51]
Harsusi:fām do. [JH 31]
Notes:The underlying meaning seems to be 'leg including thigh and foot'.
Cf. what is likely a derived verb in ARB fʕm 'avoir des cuisses charnues (se dit d'une femme); etre gras, arrondi, potelé (se dit d'un bras)' [BK 2 615].
Cf. findīr- 'morceau (de viande)' [ibid.] (with a secondary -n-?). To the semantic shift 'fat' > 'piece of meat' cf. *li/apiʔ- 'fatty, fleshy tissue', No. ). Cf. also fudurr- 'jeune homme gros et qui est près d'atteindre la maturité' [ibid.]
Modern Aramaic:NASS paɣra 'body' [Tser 0160] IRAN *pah_rā 'il corpo'; c. suff. pah_rán 'il nostro corpo' [Pen 107]
Mandaic Aramaic:pagra 'body' [DM 359]
Notes:Note UGR pgr 'monument, stela' [Gordon 466]; very obscure (translated as 'Morgenlicht' in [Aist 253]).
Note ARB fǧr 'se livrer à la fornication, à l'adultère' [BK 2 544]; for a similar semantic shift, cf. JUD gwp 'to have illigitimate intercourse, to commit adultery with' [Ja 225] and gūp- 'body' [ibid.] (see in *gawp-, No. ).
Soden gives an unexplained reference to h_allu do. [AHw 312]; the meaning not quite clear, rather 'the inner part of thigh'--see for context [AHw 810] and [CAD b 250] (under birītu)
Soqotri:fáḥal do. [LS 335] (cf. also [SSL 4 94])
Notes:Semantically a very complicated case. One of the derived meanings to reconstruct as PSEM is 'domestic animal (used to fecundate female cattle)': AKK puh_ālu 'Zuchtwidder, -stier, -hengst' MB on [AHw 875] (note h_ <*ḥ); UGR pḥl 'Esel' [Aist 254]; ARB faḥl- 'mâle, surtou étalon employé pour féconder les femelles; palmier mâle' [BK 2 549] (also fuḥḥāl- 'palmier mâle' [ibid. 550]; note the vocalic pattern coinciding with AKK puh_ālu). There is also a verb rather derived on a common SEM level than in each individual language independently: SYR peḥlā 'cupiditate coeundi flagrans' [Brock 562]; GEZ faḥala 'to be lascivious, sexually aroused (animals)' [LGz 156-7]; cf. also GUR: MUH GOG fʷärra, CHA fäna, EZHA MSQ fänna, END fä'na, ENN GYE fänʔa 'to have intercourse' [LGur 240] (Leslau admits *flH as an underlying root, in which case a metathesis from *pḥl is possible). Note that the AFRASIAN data, though scarce, as well as the typology of semantic evolution speak for 'thigh' (see AKK puh_allu) as the primary meaning of this root developed into 'penis' (and further into 'domestic animal' and 'to be sexually aroused'), and not vice versa. For analogy see (1) *pVh_(V)d_- 'hip, thigh' (No. ) > JUD paḥdīn (pl.) 'testiculi' [Ja 1151], and (2) AKK birku 'knee; lap; male and female sexual parts' [CAD b 255].
Hapax in Job. -d is probably due to the ARM origin of the word. There is an old tradition of translating this word as 'testiculus' (a recent discussion supporting this opinion see in [Pope Job 272]).
Jastrow's explanation as 'blown up' does not look convincing; a similar shift of meaning see in AKK pah_allu 'thigh' vs. 'penis' in other SEM (see *paḥ(a)l- 'penis', No. ) or in AKK birku 'knee; lap; male and female sexual parts' [CAD b 255]
Syrian Aramaic:puḥdā (-u- < *a in the vicinity of p ?) 'femur, clunis' [Brock 562]
Mehri:ǝfh_ād (to read ǝfh_ād_?), pl. fǝh_yōd_ 'flesh and bone of upper leg from knee to hip' [JM 110].
ǝfh_ād is likely to be a misprint in [JM], since all the derivatives have -d_ as the last consonant [ibid.]; cf., however, QISHN fh_ād 'cuisse' [SS L 2 216]
Jibbali:fah_d_ 'flesh and bone of upper leg from knee to hip' [JJ 67]
Harsusi:efh_ād_ 'thigh' [JH 37]
Notes:SOQ fáh_id [LS 335], fh_ed 'cuisse' [SSL 4 87] must be an Arabism because of -h_- in place of the expected *ḥ.
Note a derived meaning 'tribe': ARM: PLM pḥd/pḥz 'tribal union'; ARB fah_id_-/fah_d_-/fih_d_- 'la plus petite subdivision d'une tribu' [BK 2 552]; ESA: QAT fh_d_ 'clan, family, sub-tribe' [Ricks 129]; MSA: MHR fǝh_ǝ́d_ǝt 'tribe' [JM 110], JIB fh_ǝ́d_ǝt do. [JJ 67], SOQ fâḥid 'peuple' (also fh_edeh, which must be an Arabism because of -h_-) 'peuple' [LS 335] (an areal Arabian semantic evolution?).
On this semantic shift see [M. Cohen Genoux], [Kogan, Militarev].
Ugaritic:(?) pḳḳ 'Kehle' [KB deutsch 1522 apud Dietrich-Loretz-Sanmartín].
Quoted under šōr 'Nabel' (not to be found in available Ugaritic dictionaries)
Judaic Aramaic:ʔapḳōtā 'neck' [Ja 107] (stem with the ʔa- prefix)
Modern Aramaic:NMND foḳot, emph. foḳottā 'neck' [M MND 37, 512]
Mandaic Aramaic:pḳuta, puḳuta, apḳuta 'neck, throat' [DM 377] (the latter form with the ʔa- prefix)
Arabic:fāʔiḳ- 'endroit où le cou se joint à la tête' [BK 2 648].
Formally an active participle derived from one of many verbs with the consonant root fwḳ [ibid. 529]), but hardly so in view of the comparative data
Tigre:foḳay 'shoulder' [LH 663]
Gurage:CHA EŽA MUH fanḳa, ENN GYE fānḳa, END fanḳä 'distance across the shoulders in the front, chest' [LGur 235].
With a secondary -n-? According to Leslau, from E. CUSH: QABENNA fānḳá, OROMO fänḳa, BADDITU fengā
Number:2177
Proto-Semitic:*pVḳVm-
Meaning:(animal's) mouth, muzzle
Hebrew:PB pāḳam 'to prick an animal's mouth with the bit' [Ja 1209]
Arabic:fuḳum- 'bouche' [BK 2 622]; fuḳm- 'chacun des deux côtés du menton où de la machoire qui touche au nez; bout de museau du chien' [ibid.]
Soqotri:fáḳam 'bouche' [LS 340]; cf. féḳam 'ouvrir la gueule' [ibid.]
Notes:Scarce attestation only in HBR PB (a derived verb), ARB and SOQ; the latter is hardly an Arabism in view of difference in vocalic structure.
[LS 340]: SOQ, ARB
Number:2178
Proto-Semitic:*p/ban/md-at-
Meaning:back, podex; chest
Akkadian:bamtu (bandu, pandu) 'chest, front of the chest' OB on [CAD b 78]; bāmtu, bāntu, pānt/du 'Rippengegend; Mittelteil des Rückens (zw. Schultern und Hüften)' [AHw 101]
Ugaritic:bmt 'torso, grupa, lomo' [DLU 109] (also 'alto, monte')
Hebrew:bāmā 'back' [KB 136] (exact meaning discussed above)
Syrian Aramaic:pantā 'dorsum manus', also 'pars superior calcei e corio confecta, assumentum calcei' [Brock 578]
Arabic:bannūdat- 'dos, derrière' [BK 1 167]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):fandot, pl. fanādut 'anus, buttocks' [LGz 162]
Tigre:fändot, pl. fänadi, fänäddi 'buttock, haunch' [LH 668]
Harari:fuddi 'podex, anus' [LHar 61] (<*fundi?)
East Ethiopic:SEL fōdo 'buttocks, anus' [LGur 228].
Leslau refers to Cerulli, who considers the HAR and SEL forms a CUSH loanword
Notes:Phonetically a very difficult case; diverse phonetic processes are likely due to different patterns of compatibility of root consonants in various languages.
Worth attention is -o- < *-aw- in GEZ, TGR and SEL.
Cf. AFRASIAN.
Note differences in interpretation of the anatomic term in AKK (below): united in [AHw 108] with 'Hälfte; (Berg-)Hang', it is separated in [CAD] from both bamâtu 'open country' (pl. tantum) [ibid. b 76] and bamtu (bantu, pandu) 'half' [ibid. 77]. This distinction is likely to be corroborated by etymological data: to AKK bamâtu 'open country' cf. HBR bāmā 'hill' [KB 136] (see discussion below) and probably UGR bmt 'Höhe (?)' [Aist 50]; in AKK 'half', the writing version pandu appears to be the primary one in view of the ETH data: TGR fändǝʕa 'to divide in two parts' [LH 668] (on a secondary ʕ see comments to *nagd- ~ *ʔa-ngVd-aʕ- 'breast', No. ), GUR: ENN, END, GYE fändä do. [LGur 234] (cf. a variant root in GEZ fantawa 'to separate, divide, share' [LGz 163] with more ETH forms quoted). As for the HBR bāmā 'back; hill' [KB 136], its possible scope of meanings has been extensively treated in [McCarter 75] and described as "the swell of the rib cage of a human being or an animal and other meanings, both anatomic (back, flank) and topological (high place, hill-flank)". In view of the AKK data quoted above, two homonymous roots are to be postulated rather than an otherwise plausible semantic development 'back, haunch' > 'hill'.
Of much interest is the (archaic?) pl. constr. bomŏtē in HBR, where the word is treated as *bōmät with the final -t interpreted as part of the root (cf. the form bwmtw attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew which confirms the -ōvocalism of the HBR base).
[Holma 57]: AKK (bântu 'Bauch'), HBR (translated as 'Höhe'); [DLU 109]: UGR, HBR, AKK; [KB 136]: HBR, UGR, AKK, ARB (buhmat- 'boulder, the grave of a saint')
Tigre:(?) färwät 'sheepskin coat' [LH 658]; rather an Arabism
Notes:Note various strategies of triconsonantizing: doubling of the second radical in AKK (parru), SYR and GEZ, and adding -w as a third radical in ARB (and TGR unless an Arabism).
